Detection, isolation, and characterization of a novel impurity from several folic acid products / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Folic acid belongs to the group of water-soluble B vitamins and naturally exists in multiple forms in a wide variety of foods such as legumes, vegetables, liver, and milk (Iyer and Tomar, 2009; Lyon et al., 2020). It is involved in many biochemical reactions critical for cell division, such as purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, DNA/RNA biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism (Iyer and Tomar, 2009). Mammals cannot synthesize folic acid and thus they must acquire it from food. Although folic acid is ubiquitous in foods, folic acid deficiency still often occurs due to various causes such as unhealthy diet (Hildebrand et al., 2021; Iimura et al., 2022), disease-related malabsorption (Arcot and Shrestha, 2005), medication-related depletion (Arcot and Shrestha, 2005), or vitamin B12 deficiency (Fishman et al., 2000). Folic acid deficiency has been associated with several health problems, such as anemia (Carmel, 2005; Bailey and Caudill, 2012), cancer (Duthie, 1999), cardiovascular diseases (Wald et al., 2002), neural tube defects in newborns (van der Put et al., 2001), neuropsychiatric dysfunction (Shea et al., 2002), depression (Falade et al., 2021), inflammatory diseases (Suzuki and Kunisawa, 2015; Jones et al., 2019), and eye diseases (Sijilmassi, 2019). To prevent folic acid deficiency, its daily intake (400 μg/d) has been recommended for adults in the European Union, and its increased intake (600 μg/d) is advised for women before and during pregnancy (FAO/WHO, 2002; IOM, 2004). The New Zealand government mandated the fortification of non-organic wheat flour with folic acid in July 2021, and the UK government mandated the fortification of non-wholemeal wheat flour with folic acid in September 2021 (Haggarty, 2021).

Response of Paenibacillus polymyxa to iron: alternations in cellular chemical composition and the production of fusaricidin type antimicrobial compounds

In this work, growth, cellular chemical composition and production of fusaricidin type antimicrobial compounds by P. polymyxa SQR-21 were compared in tryptone broth supplemented with four concentrations of iron (25, 50, 100 and 200 µM). The data revealed that the growth of P. polymyxa SQR-21 was increased by 3-8 percent with the increase in concentration of ferric ion (Fe3+). The production of fusaricidin type compounds was increased by 33-49 percent only up to 50 µM Fe3+ and the highest level of Fe3+ was inhibitory. Increase in the liquid culture Fe3+concentration increased the intracellular protein (2 percent), intracellular carbohydrate (14 percent), extracellular protein (7 percent) and polysaccharide contents (18 percent) while the intracellular lipid contents were increased (11 percent) only up to 50 µM Fe3+. In addition, the regulatory effects of Fe3+ were also reflected by the increase in total RNA contents and relative expression of the fusaricidin synthetase gene (FusA) by 3-13 and 35-56 percent, respectively, up to 50 µM Fe3+, after that a continuous decrease was observed.

Tipo compostos do fusaricidin do produto das tensões do polymyxa de Paenibacillus que é ativo de encontro a uma variedade larga das bactérias e de fungos gram-positive. O crescimento, a composição química celular e a produção do fusaricidin datilografam compostos antimicrobial pelo P. o polymyxa SQR-21 foi comparado no caldo de carne do tryptone suplementado com as quatro concentrações (25, µM 50, 100 e 200) do ferro. Os dados revelaram que o crescimento do P. o polymyxa foi aumentado por 3-8 por cento com o aumento na concentração do íon férrico (Fe3+) e o tipo produção do fusaricidin dos compostos foi aumentado 33-49 por cento somente até 50 pelo µM Fe3+ quando o nível o mais elevado de Fe3+ era inhibitory. O aumento na concentração de Fe3+ na cultura líquida aumentou a proteína intracellular (2 por cento) e os índices de hidrato de carbono (14 por cento) e a proteína extracellular (7 por cento) e os índices do polysaccharide (18 por cento) quando os índices intracellular do lipid eram (11 por cento) somente até 50 o µM aumentado Fe3+. Além, os efeitos regulatory de Fe3+ foram refletidos também pelo aumento em índices totais do RNA e na expressão relativa do gene do synthetase do fusaricidin (FusA) por 3-13 e por 35-56 por cento respectivamente, até 50 o µM Fe3+, em seguida que uma diminuição contínua estêve observada.